Cisco Internetwork Design

• Copyright 1999
• Edition: 1st

• Book
• ISBN-10: 1-57870-171-6
• ISBN-13: 978-1-57870-171-1

Official Cisco Systems training materials for CCDP certification.

• Prepare for CCDP certification while mastering the intricacies of internetwork design
• Build your campus LAN design skills with information on the technical, business, hardware, topology, VLAN, LANE, and design issues affiliated with campus LANs
• Master the skills needed for effective TCP/IP network design, including addressing and routing decisions, OSPF, IGRP, and EIGRP
• Learn to construct effective IPX, AppleTalk, and Windows Networking-based internetworks
• Understand how to create effective WANs using Frame Relay, X.25, and ATM, as well as how to contend with design using dedicated lines and remote access
• Refine your knowledge of complex SNA internetworking concepts
• Apply your internetworking knowledge by redesigning networks presented in six exhaustive case studies

Based on the Cisco Systems instructor-led course available worldwide, Cisco Internetwork Design teaches you how to plan and design a network using various internetworking technologies. Created for those seeking to attain CCDP certification, this book presents the fundamental, technical, and design issues associated with campus LANs; TCP/IP networks; IPX, AppleTalk, and Windows-based networks; WANs; and SNA networks.

By using this book, you will be able to identify internetwork requirements, determine appropriate infrastructure and routing issues within an internetwork, and construct a viable plan to deploy or upgrade to a more effective network topology.

Table of Contents

(NOTE: Each chapter concludes with a Summary and Review Questions.)

I. INTRODUCTION TO INTERNETWORK DESIGN.

1. Internetwork Design Overview.

Internetwork Design Goals. Functionality. Scalability. Adaptability. Manageability. Cost Effectiveness. Key Design Issues and Requirements. Design Methodology. Step 1: Analyze Requirements. Step 2: Develop the Internetwork Structure. Step 3: Set Up Addressing and Naming Conventions. Step 4: Provision the Hardware. Step 5: Deploy Cisco IOS Software Features. Step 6: Implement, Monitor, and Manage the Network.

2. Hierarchical Design.

Components of the Three-Tier Hierarchical Model.

Core Tier. Distribution Tier. Access Tier.

Functions of Each Tier.

Core Tier Functions. Distribution Tier Functions. Access Tier Functions.

Benefits of a Hierarchical Design Model.

Scalability. Ease of Implementation. Ease of Troubleshooting. Predictability. Protocol Support. Manageability.

Variations on the Three-Tier Model.

One-Tier Design—Distributed. One-Tier Design—Hub and Spoke. Two-Tier Design. Redundant Two-Tier Hierarchy.

Hierarchical Design Guidelines.

II. CAMPUS LAN DESIGN.

3. Campus LAN Overview.

Campus LAN Design Considerations.

Client End-Station Issues. Server End-Station Issues. Network Infrastructure Issues. Cable Design Choices. Network Management Issues. Business Issues.

Designing Campus LANs for New Applications and Technologies.

Determining the Network Problem. Categorizing and Proposing Solutions for Network Problems. Design Rule 1: Use Routers for Scalable Internetworks. Design Rule 2: Use Routers to Impose Logical Structure.

4. Campus LAN Technology.

LAN Technology Options.

Ethernet. Token Ring. FDDI. ATM Technology.

LAN Interconnection Methods.

Bridging/Switching Operation. Routing Operation.

Considerations for Scaling a Switched Network. VLANs.

Ethernet Trunking Considerations in VLANs. FDDI Trunking Considerations in VLANs.

ATM Lane.

5. Campus LAN Design Models.

Sample Building Layout. Cabling Issues. Distributed Backbones.

Distributed Backbones in Buildings. Distributed Backbones on the Campus.

Collapsed Backbones. Deploying VLANs Within a Building. Deploying VLANs across a Campus. Migrating to ATM in the Campus LAN. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol.

III. TCP/IP NETWORK DESIGN.

6. TCP/IP Design Overview.

Physical Versus Logical Networks. IP Addressing and Subnetting. Addressing Considerations. Routing Protocols. Routing Considerations. Security Considerations.

7. TCP/IP Addressing Design.

Addressing Decisions.

Hierarchical Addressing. Prefix Routing. VLSM. Classless Routing Using CIDR. Secondary Addressing.

Address Management.

IP Address Management with DHCP. IP Address Management with the DNS/DHCP Manager and Network Registrar.

Multicast Issues.

Joining a Multicast Group. Determining the Best Path for IP Multicasts.

TCP/IP Security.

Business and Technical Requirements. Firewalls, Access Management, and Host Security. Security Issues with Private Versus Registered Addresses.

8. Routing Protocol Design.

Routing Concepts.

Switching. Switching Paths Overview.

Cisco Routing and Switching Processes.

Routing. Switching.

Basic Switching Paths.

Process Switching. Fast Switching. Distributed Switching. NetFlow Switching. Platform and Switching Path Correlation.

Categorizing Routing Protocols by Usage.

Host Routing Protocols. IGPs Used Within an Autonomous System. EGPs Used between Autonomous Systems.

Routing Overhead. The Routing Table. How Routers Make Routing Decisions.

Routing Metrics and Administrative Distance.

Routing Protocol Scalability and Convergence. Route Summarization (Aggregation). Routing Convergence.

Distance Vector Routing Convergence. Link-State Routing Convergence. Preventing Routing Loops during Convergence.

Route Redistribution.

Route Redistribution between Protocols. Route Redistribution within the Same Network. Route Redistribution to RIP for Hosts. Accommodating Routing Protocol Inconsistencies during Route Redistribution.

9. OSPF Design.

OSPF Protocol.

OSPF Network Types. OSPF Router Types. OSPF Link-State Advertisements. Designated and Backup Designated Routers. The Hierarchical Nature of OSPF. Virtual Links in OSPF Networks.

OSPF Summarization.

Address Space Allocation. Bit Splitting. IP Address Mapping for VLSMs. Discontiguous Subnets. Configuring Summarization on ABRs. Configuring Summarization on ASBRs.

OSPF Areas.

Stubby Areas. Totally Stubby Areas. Not-So-Stubby Areas. OSPF Backbone Design. Scalable OSPF Internetworks: Design Golden Rules. OSPF Convergence, Load Balancing, and Resource Utilization. Additional OSPF References.

10. IGRP/EIGRP Design.

IGRP Characteristics. IGRP Routing.

IGRP Load Balancing. IGRP Routing Metrics.

IGRP Convergence. IGRP Timers.

Update Interval. Invalid Timer. Holddown Timer. Flush Timer.

EIGRP Routing. EIGRP Route Summarization.

EIGRP Support for Mobile Hosts. EIGRP Support for Discontiguous Subnets. EIGRP Supports VLSM.

Enhanced IGRP Convergence.

DUAL. EIGRP Load Balancing.

Hierarchical Networks and EIGRP.

EIGRP Design.

Additional References for IGRP/EIGRP Information.

IV. DESKTOP PROTOCOL DESIGN.

11. Desktop Design Overview.

Desktop Protocols Use Broadcasts.

WAN Concerns with the Broadcast Model.

Novell IPX Considerations. AppleTalk Considerations. Windows Networking Considerations.

12. IPX Design.

Novell Network Protocols. Novell Encapsulations.

Novell Encapsulations for Ethernet. Novell Encapsulations for Token Ring and FDDI. Support for Multiple IPX Encapsulations on the Same Interface.

Novell Routing.

IPXWAN. IPX Switching Modes/Load Balancing. One-Path IPX Routing. Multipath IPX Routing. IPX Routing with NLSP. IPX Routing with EIGRP.

RIP and SAP Issues. Get Nearest Server Queries. IPX with NetBIOS. Configuration Considerations. IPX/IP Gateways. New Enhancements to IP.

13. AppleTalk Design.

AppleTalk Protocol Suite. AppleTalk Routing.

AARP. DDP. NBP. ZIP and ADSP. Routing Overhead Calculation.

AURP. AppleTalk Administrative Choices.

AppleTalk Network Number Allocation.Floating Static Routes. Network-Visible Entities. AppleTalk Naming Conventions. AppleTalk Zones.

AppleTalk Filtering Options.

GetZoneList Filters. NBP Filters. ZIP Reply Filters. Distribute Lists.

AppleTalk and IP.

14. Windows Networking Design.

Windows Networking Concepts.

Domains and Workgroups. NetBIOS Protocol.

Transport Protocols.

NetBEUI. NWLINK. NBT.

LAN Services Browser. Name Resolution.

Broadcast. LMHOSTS. WINS. DNS.

Domain Models. Remote Access Server. Design Examples.

V. WAN DESIGN.

15. WAN Design Overview.

Optimizing Core WAN Availability. Optimizing Core WAN Performance. Backbone-Routing Protocol Choices.

16. Design Using Dedicated Lines.

Leased Line Overview. Architecture. Encapsulation Methods.

HDLC. PPP. LAPB.

17. Frame Relay Design.

Frame Relay Overview.

Frame Relay Services: DLCIs. Frame Relay Services: LMI.

Router Interaction.

Inverse ARP. Interaction with Routing Protocols.

Network Types. Subinterfaces. Topology Options.

Subinterfaces Using Full Mesh. Subinterfaces Using Hub-and-Spoke. DDR for PVC Backup.

18. X.25 Design.

X.25 Service Fundamentals.

The X.25 Protocol Suite. X.121 Address Format.

X.25 Nonbroadcast Multiaccess. X.25 Subinterfaces.

Sample X.25 Back-to-Back Configuration.

X.25 Switching.

XOT (Remote) X.25 Router.

19. Remote Access Design.

Remote Access Issues. Connection Technology.

Analog Services. ISDN Services. Digital Subscriber Line. Cable Modem Technology.

Remote Access Methods.

Remote Gateway. Remote Control. Remote Node.

Equipment Deployment Based on User Category.

Occasional Telecommuters/Mobile Users. Full-Time Telecommuter/Teleworker. SOHO. Central-Site Equipment.

Data Encapsulation Issues.

PPP Link Control Protocol. PPP Security Features. Multilink PPP. Multilink Multichassis PPP.

Security and Internet Considerations for Remote Access Design.

20. ATM Internetwork Design.

Role of ATM in Internetworks.

Multiservice Networks.

ATM Concepts.

PVCs. SVCs. PVC/SVC Summary.

ATM Adaptation Layers.

The ATM Physical Layer. Voice Applications: Use AAL1. ATM Adaptation Layers: AAL3/4. Data Applications: Use AAL5.

ATM Routing in Private Networks.

PNNI.

LANE: ATM as a Virtual LAN. ATM Design Models. WAN Design Considerations. StrataCom Nodes.

VI. SNA DESIGN.

21. SNA Design Overview.

SNA Components.

Network Addressable Units.

SNA Hierarchy: Subarea Nodes and Peripheral Nodes.

Subarea Nodes. Peripheral Nodes. SNA Subareas. SNA End-User Session Setup and Communication.

Token Ring SNA Gateways.

Pass through Gateways. LU Gateways. A Third Option: DSPU.

SNA Internetworking.

Business and Technical Requirements. SNA Design Migration.

SNA Token Ring Internetworking.

Data-Link Switching. DLSW Circuit Establishment. SNA Tunneling with RSRB. Serial Tunneling Options. SDLLC Conversion. Load Balancing. Advanced Peer-to-Peer Networking. Channel Interface Processor.

SNA Internetworking Topologies.

Reliable SNA Internetworks. Connectivity Models. Prioritization of SNA.

VII. CID COURSE SUMMARY AND CASE STUDIES.

22. Internetworking Design Summary.

Steps for Designing Internetworks. The Rubber Meets the Road: Measuring Your Internetwork's Performance with Network Management.

23. Case Studies.

Case Study 1: Virtual University.

Current Network. New Network Requirements. Case Study Task.

Case Study 2: Simple Minds.

Current Network. New Network Requirements. Case Study Task.

Case Study 3: ABC Advertising.

Current Network. New Network Requirements. Case Study Task.

Case Study 4: Widespread, Inc.

Current Network. New Network Requirements. Case Study Task.

Case Study 5: TurtleNet Consulting.

Current Network. New Network Requirements. Case Study Task.

Case Study 6: National Mathematical Bank.

Current Network. New Network Requirements. Case Study Task.

VIII. APPENDIXES.

Appendix A: Answers to Chapter Review Questions.
Appendix B: Solutions to Case Studies.

Solutions to Case Study 1: Virtual University.

New Design 1: Switched Fast Ethernet Backbone. New Design 2: ATM Cell-Switched Backbone.

Solutions to Case Study 2: Simple Minds.

New Design 1: Collapsed Router Backbone. New Design 2: Collapsed Switch Backbone. Routing/Addressing Solutions for Simple Minds. Configuration for ABR in Simple Minds Network.

Solutions to Case Study 3: ABC Advertising.

New Design—Proposal 1. New Design—Proposal 2.

Solutions to Case Study 4: Widespread, Inc.

Proposed Design for Widespread, Inc.

Solutions to Case Study 5: TurtleNet Consulting.

New Core Design. New HQ Design. New Local Office Design.

Solutions to Case Study 6: National Mathematical Bank.

Original HQ Design. Original Region/Branch Design. New Overall Design—Phase 1. New HQ Design—Phase 1. New Region/Branch Design—Phase 1. New Overall Design—Phase 2. New HQ Design—Phase 2. New Region/Branch Design—Phase 2.

Appendix C: Design and Implementation Guide: Frame Relay.

Overview. Frame Relay Basics.

Frame Relay Terms. Frame Format. Congestion.

Planning.

Frame Relay Subscription. Router DLCI Capacity.

Broadcast Traffic Analysis.

Routing Protocols. Routed Protocols. Transparent Bridging: Spanning-Tree Protocol. Remote Source-Route Bridging.

Routing with OSPF.

Adjacencies on Nonbroadcast Multiaccess. Dealing with Large OSPF Networks.

Routing with EIGRP.

Bandwidth Control. Configuration Commands. Configuration Problems. Configuration Guidelines. Oversubscribed Hub-and-Spoke Frame Relay Configuration (Subinterfaces).

Memory Utilization for Frame Relay Configured Resources. Key Cisco Features and When to Use.

Traffic Shaping over Frame Relay. Dial Backup per DLCI. Broadcast Queue. Subinterfaces. Inverse ARP. AutoInstall.

Design Topologies and Strategies.

Star Topology (Hub-and-Spoke). Full-Mesh Topology. Partial-Mesh Topology with Redundant Central. Hierarchical Mesh.

Conclusion. Frame Relay-Related Standards Supported in Cisco's IOS.

Appendix D: Design and Implementation Guide: Designing Networks with Windows Networking.

What Is Windows Networking?

Domains Versus Workgroups. What Protocol Does It Use?

Dynamic IP Addressing.

DHCP Scopes. DHCP Relay. DHCP Options. Network Registrar.

Microsoft LAN Services Browser. Name Resolution.

Broadcasts. LMHOSTS. Windows Internet Name Service. Internet DNS.

Scaling to Larger Networks—Trusted Domains.

Replicating WINS.

Modem Access. Dial-on-Demand Routing. ISDN Access.

Cisco 200. Adtran. Motorola BitSURFR.

Client Software.

CiscoRemote and CiscoRemote Lite. Cisco TCP/IP Suite 100. IPeXchange Gateways.

Examples.

Appendix A: Turning Off Broadcast Name Resolution.

When Using Windows for Workgroups 3.11. Windows 95. Windows NT 3.51. Windows NT Registry Entries. Finding Rogue Browse Masters.

Appendix B: Configuring DNS Resolution of WINS Names.

Appendix E: Design and Implementation Guide: OSPF.

OSPF and RIP. What Do We Mean by Link States? Shortest Path Algorithm.

OSPF Cost. Shortest Path Tree.

Areas and Border Routers. Link-State Packets. Enabling OSPF on the Router. OSPF Authentication.

Simple Password Authentication. Message Digest Authentication.

The Backbone and Area 0. Virtual Links.

Areas Not Physically Connected to Area 0. Partitioning the Backbone.

Neighbors. Adjacencies.

DR Election. Building the Adjacency. Adjacencies on Point-to-Point Interfaces. Adjacencies on NBMA.

Avoiding DRs and the neighbor Command on NBMA.

Point-to-Point Subinterfaces. Selecting Interface Network Types.

OSPF and Route Summarization.

Interarea Route Summarization. External Route Summarization.

Stub Areas. Redistributing Routes into OSPF.

E1 Versus E2 External Routes.

Redistributing OSPF into Other Protocols.

Use of a Valid Metric. VLSM. Mutual Redistribution.

Injecting Defaults into OSPF. OSPF Design Tips.

Number of Routers per Area. Number of Neighbors. Number of Areas per ABR. Full Mesh Versus Partial Mesh. Memory Issues. Summary.

Appendix A: Link-State Database Synchronization.

Link-State Advertisements. OSPF Database Example.

Appendix B: OSPF and IP Multicast Addressing. Appendix C: Variable Length Subnet Masks. Appendix D: OSPF New 12.0 Enhancements.

OSPF LSA Group Pacing. OSPF Point-to-Multipoint.

Index.

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