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OpenCable Architecture

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  • Copyright 1999
  • Edition: 1st
  • Book
  • ISBN-10: 1-57870-135-X
  • ISBN-13: 978-1-57870-135-3

OpenCable Architecture by Michael Adams is the Winner of the 2001 Cable Center Book Award!

Learn how to bring digital TV, data, and interactivity to the television.

  • Examine the new architectures being developed by the cable industry as part of the OpenCable initiative
  • Review the recent history of interactive TV, including the Time Warner Full Service Network and Pegasus program
  • Understand the concepts of hybrid fiber coax architecture
  • Learn how the cable TV industry is evolving with converging with the data networking industry

The cable industry is in the midst of a revolution. Existing cable systems that were engineered for broadcast television are being called on to support a host of new applications and services which require upgrading those cable systems to high-speed, two-way communications networks. OpenCable Architecture is the first book to focus on this new technology, answering many questions and describing how the components of an OpenCable network interconnect.

Written by one of the primary architects of the OpenCable initiative, this book explains key concepts in practical terms. It describes the digital headend, optical transport, distribution hub, hybrid-fiber coax, and set-top terminal equipment and how these componenets are interconnected.

Whether you're a television, data communications, or telecommunications professional, or an interested layperson, OpenCable Architecture will help you understand the technical and business issues surrounding interactive television services. It will provide you with an inside look at the combined efforts of the cable, data, and consumer electronics industries to develop those new services.

Table of Contents

I. DIGITAL CABLE TELEVISION.

1. Why Digital Television?

Digital Technology Evolution.

Silicon Integration and Moore's Law. Analog-to-Digital Conversion. Convergence with the Personal Computer. Internet Convergence. New Services. New Business Models.

Advantages of Digital Television.

Channel Expansion. On-Demand Services. Quality. Security. Flexibility. Data Transmission.

Summary.

2. Analog Cable Technologies.

Analog Channel Expansion. The Hybrid Fiber Coax Upgrade.

HFC Topology. Linear Optical Transmission. Return Path Activation.

Summary. References.

3. The Analog Set-Top Converter.

The Cable Network Interface.

Cable Tuner. NTSC Demodulator. Out-of-Band Receiver. Out-of-Band Transmitter. Media Access Control.

Conditional Access System.

Analog De-scrambler.

On-Screen Display. Audio Processing.

Volume Control. Digital Music. BTSC Stereo and SAP Decoding.

Microprocessor Subsystem.

Central Processing Unit. Memory Subsystem. Display and Keypad.

RF Modulator. RF Bypass Switch. Inputs.

Cable Input. Infrared Receiver. Diagnostic Port. Data Port.

Outputs.

RF Output. Baseband Video. Baseband Audio. Infrared Transmitter.

Software Architecture.

Operating System Software. Device Drivers. Applications43

Case Studies.

CFT-2200. 8600X. Limitations. Lessons Learned.

Summary. References.

Book. Internet Resources.

4. Digital Technologies.

Video Compression.

MPEG-2 Compression. Other Video Compression Algorithms. Details of MPEG-2 Video Compression.

Audio Compression.

MPEG-1 Layer 2 (Musicam). Dolby AC-3. Other Audio Compression Algorithms.

Data. System Information. MPEG-2 Systems Layer.

Timing and Synchronization. Packetization. Multiplexing. Conditional Access. Limitations of MPEG-2 Systems Layer.

Transmission Mechanisms.

Baseband Transmission. Broadband Transmission.

Summary. References.

Books. Periodicals. Standards. Internet Resources.

5. Adding Digital Television Services to Cable Systems.

Drivers for Digital Television.

Channel Expansion. Direct Broadcast Satellite Competition. High Definition Television. Consolidation with Other Digital Service. Radio Frequency Return Traffic. Business Communications. Network Management.

Transmission of Digital Television. Out-of-Band Data Communications.

Drivers. Out-of-Band Architectures. Forward OOB Channel. Reverse OOB Channel. Out-of-Band Evolution.

Out-of-Band Channel Termination.

Hub-Level Addressing. Return Traffic Aggregation. Shared Media Access Control.

Headend-to-Distribution Hub Interconnection.

LAN Extension Products. SONETs. ATM Networks. IP Networks.

Summary. References.

Books. Periodicals. Internet Resources.

6. The Digital Set-Top Converter.

Cable Environment. Overview. The Cable Network Interface.

Cable Input. Tuner. QAM Demodulator. NTSC Demodulator. Out-of-Band Channel Termination. Out-of-Band Transmitter. Media Access Control. Telephone Modem.

Transport Processing. Conditional Access System.

Digital Decryption. Analog De-scrambling.

Video and Graphics Processing.

MPEG-2 Video Decoding. Analog Video Processing. On-Screen Display. Digital-to-Analog Conversion. NTSC Encoding.

Audio Processing.

Dolby AC-3 Audio Decoding. BTSC Stereo Decoding. Audio Synthesis.

Microprocessor Subsystem.

Central Processing Unit. Memory Subsystem. Display and Keypad.

RF Modulator. RF Bypass Switch. Inputs. Outputs.

RF Output. Baseband Video. Baseband Audio. S-Video. Component Video. IEEE 1394. Digital Audio. Infrared Transmitter.

Software.

Device Drivers. Operating System. Applications. Limitations.

Summary. References.

Books. Standards. Internet Resource.

7. Digital Broadcast Case Studies.

Architectural Comparison.

Satellite Distribution to Headends. Headend-to-Subscriber Distribution. Split Security Model. Out-of-Band Channel. Central Versus Local Subscriber Management.

DigiCable.

Head-End In The Sky Model. Local Subscriber Management. DigiCable Summary.

Pegasus.

Pegasus Phase 1.0 Goals. Pegasus Request for Proposal. Pegasus Architecture. Digital Broadband Delivery System.

Summary. References160

Book. Periodical.

II. INTERACTIVE AND ON-DEMAND SERVICES.

8. Interactive Services.

Internet Convergence. Goals of Interactive Services. Interactive Versus On-Demand Services. Interactive Services.

Navigation. Information Services. Communications Services. Electronic Commerce Services. Video Games. Enhanced Television Services.

Applications Model.

Client Applications. Server Applications. Distributed Applications.

Application Requirements.

Software Download. Activation. Communications. Streaming Media.

Application Resources.

Set-Top Resources. Software Download Mechanisms. Activation and Synchronization Mechanisms. Communication Mechanisms.

Summary. References.

Books. Periodicals. Standards. Internet Resources.

9. Interactive Cable System Case Studies.

Time Warner Full Service Network.

FSN Network Architecture Goals. Network Overview. Services. Applications Model. Application Requirements. Applications Resources. Lessons Learned.

Pegasus.

Pegasus Phase 1.1 Goals. Network Overview. Services. Applications Model. Application Portability. Applications Resources. Lessons Learned.

Summary. References212

Standards. Internet Resources.

10. On-Demand Services.

Interactive Versus On-Demand Services. Internet Comparisons. Goals of On-Demand Services. On-Demand Services.

Movies-on-Demand. Music-on-Demand. Post-Broadcast On-Demand. Special Interest Programming. Distance Learning. Library Access. Video Mail.

On-Demand Reference Architecture.

Provisioning Network. Distribution Network. Media Servers. Conditional Access. Server Placement. Switching Matrix. Set-Top.

Summary. References.

11. On-Demand Cable System Case Studies.

Time Warner Full Service Network.

Full Service Network Overview. Basic Star Architecture. Logical ATM Connectivity. MPEG Mapping into ATM. MPEG Delivery from Server to Set-Top. Lessons Learned. FSN Summary.

Pegasus Phase 2.0.

FSN Learning Experience. On-Demand Services. New Channels. Server Location. Fiber Transport. Transport Protocol. Switching Matrix. Pegasus Phase 2 Summary.

Summary. References.

Standards. Internet Resources.

III. OPENCABLE.

12. Why OpenCable?

Goals of OpenCable.

New Suppliers. New Services. Retail Availability.

Market Forces.

Competition. Technology.

Government Regulation.

1992 Cable Act. 1994 FCC Report and Order.1996 Telecommunications Act. 1998 Report and Order on Competitive Availability of Navigation Devices. Digital Carriage. Emergency Alert Systems.

Retail Issues.

Cable Service Management. New Services. Existing Suppliers. Signal Theft.

OpenCable Solutions.

The OpenCable Process. The OpenCable Architecture. The OpenCable Specifications. Retail Availability.

Summary. References.

Books. Periodicals. Internet Resources.

13. OpenCable Architectural Model.

OpenCable History. OpenCable Process.

Specification Development. Interoperability.

OpenCable Reference Diagram.

Specified Interfaces. Specified Components.

Standards.

Relevant Standards Bodies.

Summary. References.

Books. Internet Resources.

14. OpenCable Device Functional Requirements.

Goals.

Provide for Integrated Service Environments. Open and Interoperable. Portability. Renewable Security. User Interface. Scaleable. Efficient Application and Network Design. Operational Compatibility. Backward Compatibility.

Goals for the OpenCable Set-Top Terminal. OpenCable Device Models.

Leased. Retail. Core Services. Core Functions and Features. The Cable Network Interface. Conditional Access System. Video and Graphics Processing. Audio Processing. Microprocessor Subsystem. Remote Control.

Extension Requirements. Performance. Summary. References.

Book. Standards. Internet Resources.

15. OpenCable Headend Interfaces.

OCI-H1.

Goals. Issues. Reference Architecture. Development Status.

OCI-H2.

Goals. Issues. Reference Architecture. Development Status.

OCI-H3.

Goals. Issues. Development Status.

Summary. References.

Book. Papers. Standards. Internet Resources.

16. OCI-N: The Network Interface.

Scope of OCI-N. Issues. The Frequency-Domain View. Channel Types. OCI-N Protocol Layering.

In-Band Channels. Out-of-Band Channels.

Summary. References.

Book. Standards.

Internet Resources.

17. OCI-C1: The Consumer Interface.

Goals. Issues. OCI-C1 Family.

Analog NTSC. Component Video. Home Digital Network Interface.

Summary. References.

Book. Standards.

Internet Resources.

18. OCI-C2: The Security Interface.

Reference Diagram.Drivers.

Regulatory. Retail. Cable Ready Digital Television. High Definition Television.

Retail Cable Issues. Retail Opportunities. Summary of Approaches. System Architecture.

Conditional Access System. Out-of-Band Communications. Two-Way Operation. One-Way Operation. DOCSIS Operation.

The POD Module.

POD Module Variants. POD Module Architecture. PCMCIA Compliance. MPEG-2 Transport Stream Interface. Out-of-Band Interface. CPU Interface.

Content Protection.

Why Is Content Protection Required? The Content Protection System. Content Protection System Integrity. POD Interface Copy Protection. Host Revocation.

Applications.

Digital Set-Top. Digital Set-Top with DOCSIS Cable Modem. Cable Ready Digital Television. Issues for Cable Ready Devices.

Summary. References.

Standards. Internet Resources.

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