Cisco IOS XR Security

  • Sample Chapter is provided courtesy of Cisco Press.
  • Date: Jun 15, 2009.

Chapter Description

This chapter discusses the security aspects of the Cisco IOS XR operating system, focusing on securing access to the router and securing the forwarding plane.

From the Book

Cisco IOS XR Fundamentals

Cisco IOS XR Fundamentals

$64.99

Securing the Forwarding Plane

Forwarding plane refers to a router’s forwarding path involved in processing transit traffic or in processing traffic that is destined to the router. The traffic destined to the router is also sometimes termed for_us traffic. The forwarding plane constitutes the packet-forwarding, switching, and queuing components involved in the packet flow. This section introduces various forwarding plane features and provides configuration examples of each. The main features covered in forwarding plane security are ACLs, Unicast Reverse Path Forwarding (uRPF), and Local Packet Transport Services (LPTS).

Access Control Lists

ACL filtering allows the network administrator to control packet flow through the network. Such control helps limit undesirable network traffic and helps restrict network use by certain users or devices. ACLs provide the ability to permit or deny packets from passing through specific router interfaces. Access lists also find several uses in providing granularity and control to control plane protocols.

Following are some of the key features of IOS XR access lists:

  • Named access lists: Cisco IOS XR uses named access lists only. Internally, the access list is treated as a string or name. IOS XR uses only named access lists. Even if a number is used to denote an access list, it is internally treated as a string or a name.
  • Standard or Extended Keywords: IOS XR does not use standard and extended keywords in specifying an access list. An access list can include mixed Access Control Elements (ACE) that use only source-based filtering or both source- and destination-based filtering that may be combined with protocol port operations.
  • Locally originated traffic: Cisco IOS XR egress ACLs do not filter traffic originated by the router.
  • ACL numbering and resequence: Cisco IOS XR ACLs use line numbering to help replace a particular line in an ACL definition. An option is provided to resequence the ACL line numberings if required.
  • Remarks: Cisco IOS XR ACLs provide the ability to insert remarks in an access list to help explain the purpose of the particular line in an ACL.
  • Log messages: Cisco IOS XR provides the ability to log an ACL. Logging an ACL produces a syslog message when a packet matches a line with the log keyword. This operation is CPU intensive and must not be enabled for high speed traffic rates. Usually an ACL with a log keyword can be used for ACLs applied to vty lines. A log keyword may also be used for temporary debugging purposes, keeping in mind that its use is CPU intensive.
  • ICMP unreachables: IOS XR ACL deny packet operation on an interface produces a rate-controlled ICMP unreachable message. This ICMP message can be disabled from the interface by using the CLI no ipv4 unreachables.

Example 6-13 shows the creation of an access list that has the following properties:

  • ACL with name CRS-Core.
  • Permits incoming LDP and BGP sessions from the peer address 67.13.1.1 destined to 67.13.2.1.
  • The ACL permits any traffic destined to TCP ports 80 and 8080.
  • The ACL permits SSH traffic from host 62.133.1.1.
  • The rest of the traffic is denied.

Example 6-13. Configuring an ACL Named CRS-Core

RP/0/RP1/CPU0:CRS1-1(config)#ipv4 access-list CRS-Core
RP/0/RP1/CPU0:CRS1-1(config-ipv4-acl)#permit tcp host
  67.13.1.1 eq ldp host 67.13.2.1
RP/0/RP1/CPU0:CRS1-1(config-ipv4-acl)#permit tcp host 67.13.1.1 host 67.13.2.1 eq
  ldp
RP/0/RP1/CPU0:CRS1-1(config-ipv4-acl)#permit tcp host 67.13.1.1 host 67.13.2.1 eq
  bgp
RP/0/RP1/CPU0:CRS1-1(config-ipv4-acl)#permit tcp any eq 80 any
RP/0/RP1/CPU0:CRS1-1(config-ipv4-acl)#permit tcp any any eq 80
RP/0/RP1/CPU0:CRS1-1(config-ipv4-acl)#permit tcp any eq 8080 any
RP/0/RP1/CPU0:CRS1-1(config-ipv4-acl)#permit tcp any any eq 8080
RP/0/RP1/CPU0:CRS1-1(config-ipv4-acl)#permit tcp host 62.133.1.1 any eq 22
RP/0/RP1/CPU0:CRS1-1(config-ipv4-acl)#permit icmp 65.10.20.0 0.0.0.255 any echo
RP/0/RP1/CPU0:CRS1-1(config-ipv4-acl)#permit icmp 65.10.20.0 0.0.0.255 any echo-
  reply
RP/0/RP1/CPU0:CRS1-1(config-ipv4-acl)#commit
RP/0/RP1/CPU0:CRS1-1(config-ipv4-acl)#exit
RP/0/RP1/CPU0:CRS1-1(config)#

Example 6-14 shows the application of the access list ingress on the interface tenGigE 0/0/0/0.

Example 6-14. Applying ACL Named CRS-Core

RP/0/RP1/CPU0:CRS1-1#show access-lists ipv4 CRS-Core
ipv4 access-list CRS-Core
 10 permit tcp host 67.13.1.1 eq ldp host 67.13.2.1
 20 permit tcp host 67.13.1.1 host 67.13.2.1 eq ldp
 30 permit tcp host 67.13.1.1 host 67.13.2.1 eq bgp
 40 permit tcp any eq www any
 50 permit tcp any any eq www
 60 permit tcp any eq 8080 any
 70 permit tcp any any eq 8080
 80 permit tcp host 62.133.1.1 any eq 22
 90 permit icmp 65.10.20.0 0.0.0.255 any echo
 91 permit icmp 65.10.20.0 0.0.0.255 any echo-reply

! Applying the access-list to an interface
RP/0/RP1/CPU0:CRS1-1#configure t
RP/0/RP1/CPU0:CRS1-1(config)#interface tenGigE 0/0/0/1
RP/0/RP1/CPU0:CRS1-1(config-if)#ipv4 access-group CRS-Core ingress
RP/0/RP1/CPU0:CRS1-1(config-if)#commit

Example 6-15 shows the access list created in Example 6-14 from the hardware perspective of the node to which it is applied. An access list applied to the forwarding path may be queried using the hardware keyword to ensure that the configuration has been accepted by the linecard hardware.

Example 6-15. Access List in Hardware

RP/0/RP1/CPU0:CRS1-1#show access-lists ipv4 CRS-Core hardware ingress location
   0/0/cpu0
ipv4 access-list CRS-Core
 10 permit tcp host 67.13.1.1 eq ldp host 67.13.2.1
 20 permit tcp host 67.13.1.1 host 67.13.2.1 eq ldp
 30 permit tcp host 67.13.1.1 host 67.13.2.1 eq bgp
 40 permit tcp any eq www any
 50 permit tcp any any eq www
 60 permit tcp any eq 8080 any
 70 permit tcp any any eq 8080
 80 permit tcp host 62.133.1.1 any eq 22
 90 permit icmp 65.10.20.0 0.0.0.255 any echo
 91 permit icmp 65.10.20.0 0.0.0.255 any echo-reply

Table 6-2 lists the key show and debug commands related to access lists.

Table 6-2. Key ACL Operations and debug Commands

Command

Description

show access-lists afi-all

Shows configured access lists for IPv4 and IPv6 address families.

show access-lists maximum [detail | <cr> ]

Shows the maximum configurable and current configured number of ACLs.

show access-lists usage pfilter location line_card_location

Indicates which access lists are applied to the node and whether they are applied ingress or egress.

show access-lists hardware {ingress | egress} location line_card_location

Shows ACL information as applied to line card hardware.

debug pfilter-ea errors location line_card_location

Debugs any errors encountered when applying ACL. Should be used only if there is a problem with applying an ACL.

Unicast RPF

Unicast Reverse Path Forwarding (uRPF) is another useful IOS XR feature that helps prevent malicious traffic from entering a service provider network. uRPF may be used in strict and loose modes. Enabling strict uRPF on an interface helps the forwarding path analyze the incoming traffic’s source address. If the reverse path back to the source address of incoming packet is not learned via the interface on which strict uRPF is enabled, the packet is dropped. Loose uRPF is useful when a case of asymmetric routing might be present on the network. In the case of loose uRPF, the route for the source interface must be in the routing table. Configuration options may also allow default routes to satisfy loose uRPF requirements.

The following command configures strict or loose uRPF at the interface level:

{ipv4 | ipv6} verify unicast source reachable-via {any | rx} [allow-default]
  [allow-self-ping]

The explanation of this command follows:

  • Using the any option after verify unicast source reachable-via enables loose uRPF.
  • Using the rx option after verify unicast source reachable-via enables strict uRPF.
  • The allow-default option allows uRPF check to be true against a default route. This option is equally applicable to loose and strict uRPF.
  • The allow-self-ping option allows the router to ping itself and is applicable to both loose and strict uRPF.

Example 6-16 shows the enabling of strict uRPF on a CRS interface and depicts a CEF command to check whether the configuration has been enforced.

Example 6-16. Strict uRPF on the tenGigE Interface

RP/0/RP1/CPU0:CRS1-1(config)#interface tenGigE 0/0/0/1
RP/0/RP1/CPU0:CRS1-1(config-if)#ipv4 verify unicast source reachable-via rx
RP/0/RP1/CPU0:CRS1-1(config-if)#commit
!
! The following show command shows if the feature has been enabled
RP/0/RP1/CPU0:CRS1-1#show cef ipv4 interface tenGigE 0/0/0/1
TenGigE0/0/0/1 is up (if_handle 0x01080040)
  Interface last modified Jan 12 22:54:42, modify
  Reference count 2
  Forwarding is enabled
  ICMP redirects are never sent
  IP MTU 1500, TableId 0xe0000000
  IP unicast RPF check is enabled
  RPF mode strict
  Protocol Reference count 2
  Primary IPV4 local address 65.10.20.2/32

Example 6-17 shows the strict uRPF in action. The router does not have a route to a source of traffic that comes from IP address 171.1.1.1; on receiving the traffic, the strict uRPF feature drops this traffic. Example 6-17 depicts a CEF-related show command for determining uRPF drop statistics.

Example 6-17. Strict uRPF on the tenGigE Interface

RP/0/RP1/CPU0:CRS1-1#show route 171.1.1.1
% Network not in table
!
! shows RPF statistics
RP/0/RP1/CPU0:CRS1-1#show cef ipv4 interface tenGigE 0/0/0/1 rpf-statistics
Unicast RPF drops 1000

Local Packet Transport Service

The forwarding plane security section has so far discussed features such as ACLs and uRPF, which filter packets based on certain criteria. This section discusses Local Packet Transport Service (LPTS). LPTS provides software architecture to deliver locally destined traffic to the correct node on the router and provides security against overwhelming the router resources with excessive traffic. LPTS achieves security by policing flows of locally destined traffic to a value that can be easily sustained by the CPU capabilities of the platform.

The first question you might ask is what sort of traffic constitutes locally destined traffic. Although routers are in the business of forwarding packets, there are scenarios in which the traffic may be locally destined, including the following:

  • All IPv4, IPv6, and MPLS traffic related to routing protocols, or control plane such as MPLS LDP or RSVP. The control plane computations for protocols are done on the Router Processor (RP) of the router. Therefore, whenever routing or MPLS control plane traffic is received on a line card interface, it needs to be delivered to the RP of the router.
  • MPLS packets with the Router Alert label
  • IPv4, IPv6, or MPLS packets with a TTL less than 2
  • IPv4 or IPv6 packets with options
  • IP packets requiring fragmentation or reassembly
  • Layer 2 keepalives
  • Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) packets
  • ICMP message generation and response

Table 6-3 lists the various types of locally destined traffic and indicates the router’s node on which the traffic may be processed.

Table 6-3. CRS-1 Release 3.6.0 for_us Packet Processing

Received Traffic Type

Processed in Packet Switching Engine

Processed by Line Card CPU

Processed by Route Processor

Transit Traffic

Transit Packets

Undergoes configured features (ACL, QoS, and so on)

-

-

Transit Packets, IP Options

LPTS Policed

X

-

Transit Packets, IP Option “Router Alert”

LPTS Policed

X

X

Packets failed BGP TTL Security Hack (BTSH) and Generalized TTL Security Management (GTSM)

BTSH/GTSM

-

-

Packets that require ARP resolution

LPTS Policed

X

-

Unicast Receive Traffic

ICMP echo request, packets requiring logging

LPTS Policed

X

-

Any other ICMP (also ICMP with options)

LPTS Policed

X

-

Management traffic (SSH, SNMP, XML, and so on)

LPTS Policed

-

X

Management traffic (Netflow, CDP)

LPTS Policed

X

-

Routing (BGP, OSPF, ISIS, and so on)

LPTS Policed

-

X

Multicast, Broadcast

Multicast control traffic (OSPF, PIM, HSRP, and so on)

LPTS Policed

-

X

First packet of multicast stream

LPTS Policed

X

-

Broadcasts

LPTS Policed

X

X

Special Cases

Traffic needing fragmentation

LPTS Policed

X

-

MPLS traffic needing fragmentation

LPTS Policed

X

-

L2 packets (keepalives and so on)

LPTS Policed

X

-

LPTS provides sort of a built-in firewall for an IOS XR router by taking preemptive measures for traffic flows destined to the router. The forthcoming discussions explain how LPTS provides its protection mechanisms.

Mechanics Behind LPTS: A High-Level Overview

Cisco IOS XR runs on platforms with a distributed architecture. Distributed architecture implies that the control plane and the forwarding planes are decoupled for meeting higher routing and forwarding performance objectives. As Table 6-3 in the preceding section shows, an IOS XR router might need to deliver different types of for_us packets to different nodes within the router. Additionally, IOS XR supports process placement on CRS-1 platforms using Distributed Route Processors (DRP). Therefore, a line card receiving a control plane packet needs to make complex decisions regarding the node to which a packet might need to be delivered, keeping in mind that the router may be using a DRP for distributing a control plane process. Furthermore, nonstop routing (NSR) features might require a control packet be replicated both to an active and a standby RP.

Figure 6-3 provides a high-level overview of LPTS.

Figure 6-3

Figure 6-3 Local Packet Transport Service

The process follows:

  1. On a CRS-1 router, the Physical layer Interface Module (PLIM) receives the frame.
  2. On receiving the packet and performing the necessary layer 1 and 2 checks, the PLIM extracts the layer 3 packet and passes it to the forwarding ASIC or the Packet Switching Engine (PSE) as it is commonly called.
  3. The L3 forwarding engine does a Forwarding Information Base (FIB) lookup and determines whether the packet is a locally destined for_us packet.
  4. The LPTS infrastructure maintains tables in the line card’s TCAM and also on the RP for handling the for_us packets. The table on the RP is a detailed list of all possible flows of traffic types that can be destined to the router. The detailed table on RP is called the IFIB. A smaller table that is a subset of IFIB exists on the line card and this table is referred to as the pIFIB. The pIFIB lists flows of critical traffic. These tables are populated by a set of processes known as a LPTS Port Arbitrator (lpts_pa) and LPTS flow manager (lpts_fm). A process called pifibm_server runs on the line card and is responsible for programming hardware for the policing values for different flows. To qualify for a match in the pIFIB, the incoming packet must exactly match the pIFIB table entry in a single lookup.
  5. Consider a packet that arrives on a line card and a pIFIB lookup returns a full match. The packet then gets assigned a Fabric Group Identifier (FGID) allocated by the lpts_pa process. FGID serves as an identifier that helps a packet traverse the path through the various ASICs on the switch fabric to be delivered to FabricQ asic on the destination node from where the packet finds its way to the primary/standby RP, DRP, or the line card CPU. The destination node could also be an RP, a DRP, or the line card CPU of the line card on which the packet was received. In case a line card pIFIB entry results in a partial match the incoming packet is referred to the IFIB maintained on the RP.
  6. The CPU on the RP, DRP, and line card run the software processes that decapsulate the packet and deliver them to the correct stack.

The discussion related to Figure 6-3 gives a simplified overview of LPTS mostly from the point of view of local packet delivery. However, a key feature of LPTS includes policing the locally destined flows to values deemed safe for CPU resources.

Consider Example 6-18, which shows the LPTS entries accompanying a BGP configuration.

Example 6-18. BGP Entries in LPTS

! show command indicating the committed BGP configuration
!
RP/0/RP1/CPU0:CRS1-1#show running-config router bgp
router bgp 102
 bgp router-id 192.168.254.1
 address-family ipv4 unicast
 !
 neighbor 65.10.20.1
  remote-as 101
  address-family ipv4 unicast
  !
 !
!
!
! Following show command shows the entries created in IFIB
RP/0/RP1/CPU0:CRS1-1#show lpts ifib brief | include BGP
 BGP4     default  65.10.20.2.179 65.10.20.1.45   TCP   any          0/RP1/CPU0
 BGP4     default  any.179 65.10.20.1             TCP   any          0/RP1/CPU0
! Following show command shows entries in PIFIB.
! The output of the following show command is usually quite large and is
! modified to show only BGP entries in LPTS PIFIB
RP/0/RP1/CPU0:CRS1-1#show lpts pifib brief
RP/0/RP1/CPU0:CRS1-1#show lpts pifib brief
* - Any VRF; I - Local Interest;
X - Drop; R - Reassemble;
 Type       VRF-ID   Local, Remote Address.Port L4    Interface      Deliver
— — — — —  — — — —  — — — — — — — — — — — — —  — — - — — — — — —  — — — — — — — — — — -
 ISIS       *        - -                        -     any            0/RP1/CPU0
 IPv4_frag  *        any any                    any   any            R
 IPv4       default  224.0.0.1 any              IGMP  Lo0            0/RP1/CPU0
 IPv4       default  224.0.0.2 any              IGMP  Lo0            0/RP1/CPU0
 IPv4       default  224.0.0.22 any             IGMP  Lo0            0/RP1/CPU0
 IPv4       default  any any                    IGMP  Lo0            0/RP1/CPU0
 IPv4       default  224.0.1.40.496 any         UDP   Lo0            0/RP1/CPU0
 IPv4       default  224.0.0.13 any             103   Lo0            [11295]
 IPv4       default  224.0.0.1 any              IGMP  Lo1            0/RP1/CPU0
 IPv4       default  224.0.0.2 any              IGMP  Lo1            0/RP1/CPU0
 IPv4       default  224.0.0.22 any             IGMP  Lo1            0/RP1/CPU0
 IPv4       default  any any                    IGMP  Lo1            0/RP1/CPU0
 IPv4       default  224.0.0.13 any             103   Lo1            [11295]
 IPv4       default  224.0.0.1 any              IGMP  Lo100          0/RP1/CPU0
 IPv4       default  224.0.0.2 any              IGMP  Lo100          0/RP1/CPU0
 IPv4       default  224.0.0.22 any             IGMP  Lo100          0/RP1/CPU0
 IPv4       default  any any                    IGMP  Lo100          0/RP1/CPU0
 IPv4       default  224.0.0.13 any             103   Lo100          [11295]
 IPv4       default  224.0.0.1 any              IGMP  Lo101          0/RP1/CPU0
 IPv4       default  224.0.0.2 any              IGMP  Lo101          0/RP1/CPU0
 IPv4       default  224.0.0.22 any             IGMP  Lo101          0/RP1/CPU0
 IPv4       default  any any                    IGMP  Lo101          0/RP1/CPU0
 IPv4       default  224.0.0.13 any             103   Lo101          [11295]
 IPv4       default  224.0.0.1 any              IGMP  Lo10           0/RP1/CPU0
 IPv4       default  224.0.0.2 any              IGMP  Lo10           0/RP1/CPU0
 IPv4       default  224.0.0.22 any             IGMP  Lo10           0/RP1/CPU0
 IPv4       default  any any                    IGMP  Lo10           0/RP1/CPU0
 IPv4       default  224.0.0.13 any             103   Lo10           [11295]
 IPv4       default  any.23 any                 TCP   Mg0/RP1/CPU0/0 0/RP1/CPU0
 IPv4       default  any.161 any                UDP   Mg0/RP1/CPU0/0 0/RP1/CPU0
 IPv4       default  any.639 1.1.1.1            TCP   any            0/RP1/CPU0
 IPv4       default  10.0.0.11.646 10.0.0.21.57 TCP   any            0/RP1/CPU0
 IPv4       default  10.0.0.11.646 10.0.0.31.35 TCP   any            0/RP1/CPU0
 IPv4       default  10.10.20.31.23 10.10.20.10 TCP   any            0/RP1/CPU0
 IPv4       default  65.10.20.2.179 65.10.20.1. TCP   any            0/RP1/CPU0
 IPv4       default  any.179 65.10.20.1         TCP   any            0/RP1/CPU0
 IPv4       default  any.646 any                UDP   any            0/RP1/CPU0
 IPv4       default  any.3232 any               UDP   any            [11295]
 IPv4       default  any.3503 any               UDP   any            0/RP1/CPU0
 IPv4       default  any.50051 any              UDP   any            0/RP1/CPU0
 IPv4       default  any.50052 any              UDP   any            0/RP1/CPU0
 IPv4       default  any.50053 any              UDP   any            0/RP1/CPU0
 IPv4       default  any.50054 any              UDP   any            0/RP1/CPU0
 IPv4       default  any any                    103   any            [11295]
 IPv4       default  any any                    115   any            0/RP1/CPU0
 IPv4       default  any any                    255   any            0/RP1/CPU0
 IPv4       *        any.ECHO any               ICMP  any            XI
 IPv4       *        any.TSTAMP any             ICMP  any            XI
 IPv4       *        any.MASKREQ any            ICMP  any            XI
 IPv4       *        any any.179                TCP   any            0/RP1/CPU0
 IPv4       *        any.179 any                TCP   any            0/RP1/CPU0
 IPv4       *        any any                    TCP   any            0/RP1/CPU0
 IPv4       *        any any                    UDP   any            0/RP1/CPU0
 IPv4       *        224.0.0.5 any              OSPF  any            0/RP1/CPU0
 IPv4       *        224.0.0.6 any              OSPF  any            0/RP1/CPU0
 IPv4       *        any any                    OSPF  any            0/RP1/CPU0
 IPv4       *        any any                    any   any            0/RP1/CPU0
 IPv6_frag  *        any any                    any   any            R
 IPv6       *        any any.179                TCP   any            0/RP1/CPU0
 IPv6       *        any.179 any                TCP   any            0/RP1/CPU0
 IPv6       *        any any                    TCP   any            0/RP1/CPU0
 IPv6       *        any any                    UDP   any            0/RP1/CPU0
 IPv6       *        any.ECHOREQ any            ICMP6 any            XI
 IPv6       *        any.NDRTRSLCT any          ICMP6 any            XI
 IPv6       *        any.NDRTRADV any           ICMP6 any            XI
 IPv6       *        any.NDNBRSLCT any          ICMP6 any            XI
 IPv6       *        any.NDNBRADV any           ICMP6 any            XI
 IPv6       *        any.NDREDIRECT any         ICMP6 any            XI
 IPv6       *        ff02::5 any                OSPF  any            0/RP1/CPU0
 IPv6       *        ff02::6 any                OSPF  any            0/RP1/CPU0
 IPv6       *        any any                    OSPF  any            0/RP1/CPU0
 IPv6       *        any any                    any   any            0/RP1/CPU0
RP/0/RP1/CPU0:CRS1-1#! Hardware Policing values in pifib
!
RP/0/RP1/CPU0:CRS1-1#show lpts pifib hardware police location 0/0/cpu0
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — -
                 Node 0/0/CPU0:
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — -
 Burst = 100ms for all flow types
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — -
FlowType                Policer  Type    Cur. Rate  Def. Rate  Accepted   Dropped
— — — — — — — — — — —  — — — - — — — - — — — — —  — — — — —  — — — — —  — — — — — — — — — —
unconfigured-default    100      Static  500        500        0          0
Fragment                106      Static  1000       1000       0          0
OSPF-mc-known           107      Static  20000      20000      248647     0
OSPF-mc-default         111      Static  5000       5000       43431      0
OSPF-uc-known           161      Static  5000       5000       0          0
OSPF-uc-default         162      Static  1000       1000       0          0
ISIS-known              108      Static  20000      20000      536237     0
ISIS-default            112      Static  5000       5000       4          0
BGP-known               113      Static  25000      25000      41         0
BGP-cfg-peer            114      Static  10000      10000      5          0
BGP-default             115      Static  10000      10000      54         0
PIM-mcast               116      Static  23000      23000      0          0
PIM-ucast               117      Static  10000      10000      0          0
IGMP                    118      Static  3500       3500       0          0
ICMP-local              119      Static  2500       2500       20         0
ICMP-app                120      Static  2500       2500       0          0
na                      164      Static  2500       2500       0          0
ICMP-default            121      Static  2500       2500       0          0
LDP-TCP-known           122      Static  25000      25000      290        0
LDP-TCP-cfg-peer        152      Static  10000      10000      0          0
LDP-TCP-default         154      Static  10000      10000      0          0
LDP-UDP                 158      Static  2500       2500       519490     0
All-routers             160      Static  10000      10000      0          0
LMP-TCP-known           123      Static  25000      25000      0          0
LMP-TCP-cfg-peer        153      Static  10000      10000      0          0
LMP-TCP-default         155      Static  10000      10000      0          0
LMP-UDP                 159      Static  2500       2500       0          0
RSVP-UDP                124      Static  7000       7000       0          0
RSVP                    125      Static  7000       7000       0          0
IKE                     126      Static  1000       1000       0          0
IPSEC-known             128      Static  3000       3000       0          0
IPSEC-default           127      Static  1000       1000       0          0
MSDP-known              129      Static  1000       1000       0          0
MSDP-cfg-peer           130      Static  1000       1000       0          0
MSDP-default            131      Static  1000       1000       0          0
SNMP                    132      Static  2000       2000       0          0
NTP                     133      Static  500        500        0          0
SSH-known               134      Static  1000       1000       0          0
SSH-default             135      Static  1000       1000       0          0
HTTP-known              137      Static  1000       1000       0          0
HTTP-default            138      Static  1000       1000       0          0
SHTTP-known             139      Static  1000       1000       0          0
IFIB_FT_SHTTP_DEFAULT   140      Static  1000       1000       0          0
TELNET-known            141      Static  1000       1000       0          0
TELNET-default          142      Static  1000       1000       0          0
CSS-known               143      Static  1000       1000       0          0
CSS-default             144      Static  1000       1000       0          0
RSH-known               145      Static  1000       1000       0          0
RSH-default             146      Static  1000       1000       0          0
UDP-known               147      Static  25000      25000      0          0
UDP-listen              156      Static  4000       4000       0          0
UDP-cfg-peer            157      Static  4000       4000       0          0
UDP-default             101      Static  500        500        69         0
TCP-known               148      Static  25000      25000      0          0
TCP-listen              149      Static  25000      25000      0          0
TCP-cfg-peer            150      Static  25000      25000      0          0
TCP-default             102      Static  500        500        60         0
Mcast-known             151      Static  25000      25000      0          0
Mcast-default           103      Static  500        500        0          0
Raw-listen              104      Static  500        500        0          0
Raw-default             105      Static  500        500        0          0
Ip-Sla                  163      Static  10000      10000      0          0
EIGRP                   109      Static  20000      20000      0          0
RIP                     110      Static  20000      20000      0          0
L2TPv3                  165      Static  3000       3000       0          0
na                      166      Static  100        100        0          0
— — — — — — — — — — — — 
statistics:
Packets accepted by deleted entries: 1188045
Packets dropped by deleted entries: 0
Run out of statistics counter errors: 0

Example 6-18 configures BGP and uses it to demonstrate the LPTS concept. The example creates a BGP process for AS 102 and configures a neighbor 65.10.20.2. On configuring a BGP peer, LPTS creates a flow for the configured peer with TCP port 179. A BGP flow is also created in pIFIB with a destination node of 0/RP1/CPU0 because the BGP routing protocol runs on the RP of the router and the active RP is the destination node for BGP packets.

Example 6-18 shows the policer in line card hardware and shows three different policers for BGP, which exist regardless of BGP configuration. Policer 113 in the example for BGP flow type BGP-known signifies a well established BGP session that actively participates in BGP route advertisement. Policer 114 BGP-cfg-peer represents a new session or recently established session that has not yet elevated to a level of an established session. BGP-default identified by policer 115 represents a default entry for BGP flow. This flow also helps with any latency in hardware programming for new configurations or accounts for a TCP session that might be initiated to port 179 for debugging purposes. The example shows a higher policer rate of 25,000 packets per second (pps) for established sessions compared to 10,000 pps for all other categories of BGP traffic flows.

Configuring LPTS

The LPTS discussion so far has focused on default policers preprogrammed in hardware TCAMs on CRS-1 line cards. Release 3.6 of IOS XR provides the user the ability to configure LPTS policer values. The general syntax for LPTS policer configurations is listed as follows:

lpts pifib hardware police [location node-id]
flow {flow_type} {rate rate}

The flow rate is in packets per second (pps).

Example 6-19 demonstrates LPTS configuration.

Example 6-19. Configuring LPTS BGP-default Policer Value to 1000 PPS

RP/0/RP1/CPU0:CRS1-1(config)#lpts pifib hardware police
RP/0/RP1/CPU0:CRS1-1(config-pifib-policer-global)#flow bgp default rate 1000
RP/0/RP1/CPU0:CRS1-1(config-pifib-policer-global)#commit
!
! show command to verify newly configured LPTS policer values
!
RP/0/RP1/CPU0:CRS1-1#show lpts pifib hardware police location 0/0/cpu0 | inc BGP
BGP-known               113     Static   25000      25000      0           0
BGP-cfg-peer            114     Static   10000      10000      0           0
BGP-default             115     Global   1000       10000      237         0

Example 6-19 shows a configuration change applied globally to all the line cards in the SDR or logical router to change the policer for BGP-default flow. Alternatively, a configuration may be created for a particular line card location that has the effect of overwriting the global LPTS policing configuration only for the location for which it is created.

Cisco Press Promotional Mailings & Special Offers

I would like to receive exclusive offers and hear about products from Cisco Press and its family of brands. I can unsubscribe at any time.

Overview

Pearson Education, Inc., 221 River Street, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030, (Pearson) presents this site to provide information about Cisco Press products and services that can be purchased through this site.

This privacy notice provides an overview of our commitment to privacy and describes how we collect, protect, use and share personal information collected through this site. Please note that other Pearson websites and online products and services have their own separate privacy policies.

Collection and Use of Information

To conduct business and deliver products and services, Pearson collects and uses personal information in several ways in connection with this site, including:

Questions and Inquiries

For inquiries and questions, we collect the inquiry or question, together with name, contact details (email address, phone number and mailing address) and any other additional information voluntarily submitted to us through a Contact Us form or an email. We use this information to address the inquiry and respond to the question.

Online Store

For orders and purchases placed through our online store on this site, we collect order details, name, institution name and address (if applicable), email address, phone number, shipping and billing addresses, credit/debit card information, shipping options and any instructions. We use this information to complete transactions, fulfill orders, communicate with individuals placing orders or visiting the online store, and for related purposes.

Surveys

Pearson may offer opportunities to provide feedback or participate in surveys, including surveys evaluating Pearson products, services or sites. Participation is voluntary. Pearson collects information requested in the survey questions and uses the information to evaluate, support, maintain and improve products, services or sites; develop new products and services; conduct educational research; and for other purposes specified in the survey.

Contests and Drawings

Occasionally, we may sponsor a contest or drawing. Participation is optional. Pearson collects name, contact information and other information specified on the entry form for the contest or drawing to conduct the contest or drawing. Pearson may collect additional personal information from the winners of a contest or drawing in order to award the prize and for tax reporting purposes, as required by law.

Newsletters

If you have elected to receive email newsletters or promotional mailings and special offers but want to unsubscribe, simply email information@ciscopress.com.

Service Announcements

On rare occasions it is necessary to send out a strictly service related announcement. For instance, if our service is temporarily suspended for maintenance we might send users an email. Generally, users may not opt-out of these communications, though they can deactivate their account information. However, these communications are not promotional in nature.

Customer Service

We communicate with users on a regular basis to provide requested services and in regard to issues relating to their account we reply via email or phone in accordance with the users' wishes when a user submits their information through our Contact Us form.

Other Collection and Use of Information

Application and System Logs

Pearson automatically collects log data to help ensure the delivery, availability and security of this site. Log data may include technical information about how a user or visitor connected to this site, such as browser type, type of computer/device, operating system, internet service provider and IP address. We use this information for support purposes and to monitor the health of the site, identify problems, improve service, detect unauthorized access and fraudulent activity, prevent and respond to security incidents and appropriately scale computing resources.

Web Analytics

Pearson may use third party web trend analytical services, including Google Analytics, to collect visitor information, such as IP addresses, browser types, referring pages, pages visited and time spent on a particular site. While these analytical services collect and report information on an anonymous basis, they may use cookies to gather web trend information. The information gathered may enable Pearson (but not the third party web trend services) to link information with application and system log data. Pearson uses this information for system administration and to identify problems, improve service, detect unauthorized access and fraudulent activity, prevent and respond to security incidents, appropriately scale computing resources and otherwise support and deliver this site and its services.

Cookies and Related Technologies

This site uses cookies and similar technologies to personalize content, measure traffic patterns, control security, track use and access of information on this site, and provide interest-based messages and advertising. Users can manage and block the use of cookies through their browser. Disabling or blocking certain cookies may limit the functionality of this site.

Do Not Track

This site currently does not respond to Do Not Track signals.

Security

Pearson uses appropriate physical, administrative and technical security measures to protect personal information from unauthorized access, use and disclosure.

Children

This site is not directed to children under the age of 13.

Marketing

Pearson may send or direct marketing communications to users, provided that

  • Pearson will not use personal information collected or processed as a K-12 school service provider for the purpose of directed or targeted advertising.
  • Such marketing is consistent with applicable law and Pearson's legal obligations.
  • Pearson will not knowingly direct or send marketing communications to an individual who has expressed a preference not to receive marketing.
  • Where required by applicable law, express or implied consent to marketing exists and has not been withdrawn.

Pearson may provide personal information to a third party service provider on a restricted basis to provide marketing solely on behalf of Pearson or an affiliate or customer for whom Pearson is a service provider. Marketing preferences may be changed at any time.

Correcting/Updating Personal Information

If a user's personally identifiable information changes (such as your postal address or email address), we provide a way to correct or update that user's personal data provided to us. This can be done on the Account page. If a user no longer desires our service and desires to delete his or her account, please contact us at customer-service@informit.com and we will process the deletion of a user's account.

Choice/Opt-out

Users can always make an informed choice as to whether they should proceed with certain services offered by Cisco Press. If you choose to remove yourself from our mailing list(s) simply visit the following page and uncheck any communication you no longer want to receive: www.ciscopress.com/u.aspx.

Sale of Personal Information

Pearson does not rent or sell personal information in exchange for any payment of money.

While Pearson does not sell personal information, as defined in Nevada law, Nevada residents may email a request for no sale of their personal information to NevadaDesignatedRequest@pearson.com.

Supplemental Privacy Statement for California Residents

California residents should read our Supplemental privacy statement for California residents in conjunction with this Privacy Notice. The Supplemental privacy statement for California residents explains Pearson's commitment to comply with California law and applies to personal information of California residents collected in connection with this site and the Services.

Sharing and Disclosure

Pearson may disclose personal information, as follows:

  • As required by law.
  • With the consent of the individual (or their parent, if the individual is a minor)
  • In response to a subpoena, court order or legal process, to the extent permitted or required by law
  • To protect the security and safety of individuals, data, assets and systems, consistent with applicable law
  • In connection the sale, joint venture or other transfer of some or all of its company or assets, subject to the provisions of this Privacy Notice
  • To investigate or address actual or suspected fraud or other illegal activities
  • To exercise its legal rights, including enforcement of the Terms of Use for this site or another contract
  • To affiliated Pearson companies and other companies and organizations who perform work for Pearson and are obligated to protect the privacy of personal information consistent with this Privacy Notice
  • To a school, organization, company or government agency, where Pearson collects or processes the personal information in a school setting or on behalf of such organization, company or government agency.

Links

This web site contains links to other sites. Please be aware that we are not responsible for the privacy practices of such other sites. We encourage our users to be aware when they leave our site and to read the privacy statements of each and every web site that collects Personal Information. This privacy statement applies solely to information collected by this web site.

Requests and Contact

Please contact us about this Privacy Notice or if you have any requests or questions relating to the privacy of your personal information.

Changes to this Privacy Notice

We may revise this Privacy Notice through an updated posting. We will identify the effective date of the revision in the posting. Often, updates are made to provide greater clarity or to comply with changes in regulatory requirements. If the updates involve material changes to the collection, protection, use or disclosure of Personal Information, Pearson will provide notice of the change through a conspicuous notice on this site or other appropriate way. Continued use of the site after the effective date of a posted revision evidences acceptance. Please contact us if you have questions or concerns about the Privacy Notice or any objection to any revisions.

Last Update: November 17, 2020